So I've decided to take a look at Ubuntu for the first time and I have various questions since I'm going to be running it off a USB stick and possibly alongside windows.
1) Is it safe?
2) Will my antivirus/firewall protect me from its invulnerabilities by running it along side windows?
3) Is there software that can help prevent such intrusions?
And any other tips other users may have could deem helpful.
Well..
1. Ubuntu is "safe" out of the box, like any operating system is. It will need updating, configuration of the accounts, SSH access setup if needed, firewall configuration, etc. It's as safe as the administrator makes it. Although in my opinion, Ubuntu like any other linux operating system is not any safer than Windows is out of the box.
2 and 3. What do you mean you will run it alongside Windows? Unless you are using VMWare, Parallels, or special virtual machine software, you cannot run linux and Windows at the same time. Linux is an operating system like Windows, not an application that can be run alongside of it. You can, however, boot off the USB drive if you setup your system to do so, and run linux separately. But again, you can only use one or the other at the same time.
Also, in either case if your system is compromised and someone gets onto it, it is possible that they can access both the USB drive and the internal hard drive. While having linux actually be able to read the NTFS formatted Windows drive(s) is a different matter, if you do set it up to be able to do that then it is possible that you can compromise your data. The same goes the other way - if Windows is running and gets compromised, it is possible they can do get to the data on the USB stick plugged in.
Linux itself comes with an iptables-based firewall. However, you need to set this up like any other firewall to your own configuration. It is turned on by default, but is not the end all solution. Honestly, I don't even run a firewall on my personal computers as it's a hassle to do so. Instead, I just rely on the NAT firewalls of my routers and a good anti-virus.
Linux has rootkit detection programs, and maybe an anti-virus (but I've never used one on linux).
Are you looking at using linux via the GUI like Windows, or run it in console mode like a server?